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20+ LINQ Concepts with .Net Code

LINQ (Language Integrated Query) is one of the most powerful features in .NET, providing a unified syntax to query collections, databases, XML, and other data sources. Below are 20+ important LINQ concepts, their explanations, and code snippets to help you understand their usage.

1. Where (Filtering)

The Where() method is used to filter a collection based on a given condition.

var numbers = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
var evenNumbers = numbers.Where(n => n % 2 == 0).ToList();
// Output: [2, 4, 6]
C#

2. Select (Projection)

The Select() method projects each element of a sequence into a new form, allowing transformation of data.

var employees = new List<Employee> { /* ... */ };
var employeeNames = employees.Select(e => e.Name).ToList();
// Output: List of employee names
C#

3. OrderBy (Sorting in Ascending Order)

The OrderBy() method sorts the elements of a sequence in ascending order.

var employees = new List<Employee> { /* ... */ };
var sortedEmployees = employees.OrderBy(e => e.Name).ToList();
// Output: Employees sorted by Name in ascending order
C#

4. OrderByDescending (Sorting in Descending Order)

OrderByDescending() sorts the elements of a sequence in descending order.

var sortedEmployeesBySalary = employees.OrderByDescending(e => e.Salary).ToList();
// Output: Employees sorted by Salary in descending order
C#

5. First (Get First Element)

First() returns the first element of a collection that satisfies a condition or throws an exception if none are found.

var firstEmployee = employees.First(e => e.Salary > 50000);
// Output: First employee with Salary > 50000
C#

6. FirstOrDefault (First or Default Value)

FirstOrDefault() returns the first element or a default value (null or default of type) if none match the condition.

var employee = employees.FirstOrDefault(e => e.Salary > 100000);
// Output: First employee with Salary > 100000, or null if none found
C#

7. Single (Return Exactly One Element)

Single() returns the only element that satisfies a condition and throws an exception if more than one or no elements are found.

var singleEmployee = employees.Single(e => e.Id == 1);
// Output: Employee with Id 1
C#

8. SingleOrDefault (Single or Default Value)

SingleOrDefault() returns the only element that satisfies a condition, or a default value if no elements match.

var singleEmployeeOrNull = employees.SingleOrDefault(e => e.Id == 100);
// Output: Employee with Id 100, or null if none found
C#

9. Take (Take First N Elements)

Take() returns the first n elements from a collection.

var topThreeEmployees = employees.Take(3).ToList();
// Output: First 3 employees from the list
C#

10. Skip (Skip First N Elements)

Skip() skips the first n elements and returns the remaining elements.

var remainingEmployees = employees.Skip(2).ToList();
// Output: Employees after skipping the first 2
C#

11. Distinct (Remove Duplicates)

Distinct() removes duplicate elements from a collection.

var uniqueDepartments = employees.Select(e => e.Department).Distinct().ToList();
// Output: List of unique departments
C#

12. GroupBy (Grouping Data)

GroupBy() groups elements of a collection by a specified key.

var employeesByDepartment = employees.GroupBy(e => e.Department)
                                     .Select(g => new { Department = g.Key, Employees = g.ToList() })
                                     .ToList();
// Output: Groups employees by their department
C#

13. Join (Inner Join)

Join() is used to combine two collections based on a common key, similar to an SQL inner join.

var employeesWithDepartments = from e in employees
                               join d in departments on e.DepartmentId equals d.Id
                               select new { e.Name, d.Name };
// Output: List of employees with their respective departments
C#

14. GroupJoin (Left Outer Join)

GroupJoin() performs a left outer join between two collections, combining each element from the first collection with a group of matching elements from the second collection.

var departmentsWithEmployees = departments.GroupJoin(employees,
    d => d.Id,
    e => e.DepartmentId,
    (d, empGroup) => new { Department = d.Name, Employees = empGroup.ToList() });
// Output: List of departments with employees in each
C#

15. Any (Check if Any Element Matches Condition)

Any() returns true if any elements in a collection satisfy a condition.

bool hasHighEarners = employees.Any(e => e.Salary > 100000);
// Output: True if any employee has a salary greater than 100000
C#

16. All (Check if All Elements Match Condition)

All() returns true if all elements in a collection satisfy a condition.

bool allHaveHighSalary = employees.All(e => e.Salary > 30000);
// Output: True if all employees have a salary greater than 30000
C#

17. Count (Count Elements in a Collection)

Count() returns the total number of elements or the number of elements matching a condition.

int totalEmployees = employees.Count();
int highSalaryCount = employees.Count(e => e.Salary > 50000);
// Output: Total employees and employees with salary > 50000
C#

18. Max (Maximum Value)

Max() returns the maximum value from a collection.

var maxSalary = employees.Max(e => e.Salary);
// Output: Maximum salary in the employee list
C#

19. Min (Minimum Value)

Min() returns the minimum value from a collection.

var minSalary = employees.Min(e => e.Salary);
// Output: Minimum salary in the employee list
C#

20. Sum (Sum of Values)

Sum() computes the sum of values in a collection.

var totalSalary = employees.Sum(e => e.Salary);
// Output: Total sum of salaries
C#

21. Average (Average Value)

Average() computes the average value of a sequence.

var averageSalary = employees.Average(e => e.Salary);
// Output: Average salary in the employee list
C#

22. Zip (Combining Two Sequences)

Zip() applies a specified function to the corresponding elements of two sequences.

var list1 = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 };
var list2 = new List<int> { 4, 5, 6 };
var result = list1.Zip(list2, (a, b) => a + b).ToList();
// Output: [5, 7, 9] (sum of corresponding elements)
C#

23. SelectMany (Flattening Collections)

SelectMany() flattens a collection of collections into a single collection.

var departments = new List<Department> { /*...*/ };
var allEmployees = departments.SelectMany(d => d.Employees).ToList();
// Output: A flat list of all employees from all departments
C#

24. Aggregate (Custom Accumulation Operation)

Aggregate() applies an accumulator function over a sequence.

var numbers = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
var product = numbers.Aggregate((total, next) => total * next);
// Output: Product of all numbers (1 * 2 * 3 * 4 = 24)
C#

25. Union (Combine and Remove Duplicates)

Union() combines two collections and removes duplicates.

var list1 = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 };
var list2 = new List<int> { 3, 4, 5 };
var unionList = list1.Union(list2).ToList();
// Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
C#

26. Intersect (Common Elements)

Intersect() returns elements that are present in both collections.

var commonElements = list1.Intersect(list2).ToList();
// Output: [3] (common elements in both lists)
C#

27. Except (Difference between Two Collections)

Except() returns elements from the first collection that are not in the second collection.

var difference = list1.Except(list2).ToList();
// Output: [1, 2] (elements in list1 but not in list2)
C#

Conclusion

LINQ is an essential feature in .NET that greatly simplifies data querying across various data sources. It promotes cleaner, more readable code, and helps with both in-memory and database

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